Introduction

Tramadol is a prescription opioid analgesic used to relieve moderate to moderately severe pain. It works by:

• Binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, reducing the perception of pain
• Inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, which enhances its pain-relieving effects

It is considered weaker than strong opioids like morphine but can still cause dependence and other side effects.

Composition

Active ingredient:

• Tramadol Hydrochloride (usually 50 mg per tablet, varies by formulation)

Formulations: Immediate-release tablets, extended-release tablets, capsules, and oral drops.

Uses

• Relief of moderate to severe pain, including:
  • Postoperative pain
  • Musculoskeletal pain (e.g., back pain, arthritis)
  • Chronic pain conditions
• Neuropathic pain (off-label use in some cases)
• Sometimes combined with acetaminophen for enhanced pain relief

Side Effects

Common side effects:

• Nausea and vomiting
• Dizziness or lightheadedness
• Constipation
• Headache
• Drowsiness

Serious side effects (less common):

• Seizures (especially in people with a history of epilepsy)
• Respiratory depression (slowed breathing)
• Allergic reactions (rash, itching, swelling)
• Serotonin syndrome (if combined with other serotonin-affecting drugs)
• Dependence and withdrawal symptoms with prolonged use

Precautions:

• Avoid alcohol while taking Tramadol
• Use cautiously in patients with liver or kidney problems
• Do not exceed prescribed dose
• Can interact with antidepressants, other opioids, and seizure medications

Common Brand Names

• Ultram / Ultram ER
• Conzip
• Rybix ODT
• Tramal
• Zydol
• Contramal
• Durela (extended release)